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Port Number Groups (26.4.3) The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is the standards organization responsible for assigning various addressing standards, including the 16-bit port numbers. The 16 bits used to identify the source and destination port numbers provides a range of ports from 0 through 65535. The IANA has divided the range of numbers into…

Port Numbers (26.4) This section covers how both TCP and UDP use port numbers to identify the proper application layer process. Multiple Separate Communications (26.4.1) As you have learned, there are some situations in which TCP is the right protocol for the job, and other situations in which UDP should be used. No matter what…

UDP Overview (26.3) The reliability and flow control features provided by TCP come with additional overhead related to the connection establishment and tracking whether or not segments were received. UDP is a transport layer protocol that is used when this kind of overhead creates unnecessary delay. For example, transaction-based protocols such as DNS or DHCP,…

TCP Overview (26.2) As previously mentioned, both TCP and UDP are transport layer protocols. It is up to the developer to determine which of these protocols best matches the requirements of the application being developed. TCP establishes a connection proving reliability and flow control. TCP Features (26.2.1) This section gives more details about what TCP…

The Right Transport Layer Protocol for the Right Application (26.1.6) Some applications can tolerate some data loss during transmission over the network but cannot tolerate delays in transmission. For these applications, UDP is the better choice because it requires less network overhead. UDP is preferable for applications such as voice over IP (VoIP). Acknowledgments and…

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) (26.1.4) IP is concerned only with the structure, addressing, and routing of packets, from original sender to final destination. IP is not responsible for guaranteeing delivery or determining whether a connection between the sender and receiver needs to be established. TCP is considered a reliable, full-featured transport layer protocol, which ensures…

Transport Layer Responsibilities (26.1.2) The transport layer has many responsibilities. At the transport layer, each set of data flowing between a source application and a destination application is known as a conversation and is tracked separately. It is the responsibility of the transport layer to maintain and track these multiple conversations. As illustrated in Figure…

Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to answer the following questions: • What is the purpose of the transport layer in managing the transportation of data in end-to-end communication? • What are the characteristics of TCP? • What are the characteristics of UDP? • How do TCP and UDP use port…

IP Addressing Services Summary (25.3) The following is a summary of each topic in the chapter and some questions for your reflection. What Did I Learn in this Module? (25.3.1) In data networks, devices are labeled with numeric IP addresses to send and receive data over networks. Domain names were created to convert the numeric…

DHCP Services (25.2) Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (25.2.1) The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) for IPv4 service automates the assignment of IPv4 addresses, subnet masks, gateways, and other IPv4 networking parameters. This is referred to as dynamic addressing. The alternative to dynamic addressing is static addressing. When using static addressing, the network administrator manually enters…